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\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u5931\u6557<\/h4>\n

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\n

Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n

[1] E.F. Schumacher, \u2018Roots of Economic Growth\u2019, Gandhian Institute of Studies, Varanasi, India, p. 38.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2] cf. Luigi Fusco Girard, \u2018Introduction\u2019, in Luigi Fusco Girard et al (eds), The human sustainable city: challenges and perspectives from the habitat agenda, Ashgate Publishing, 2003, p. 4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3] UN-HABITAT states that 22 million people in developing countries moved out of slum conditions each year between 2000 and 2010, but 55 million new slum-dwellers were added to the global urban population since 2000. Short of drastic action, the world slum population is expected to grow by six million people each year. These statistics are significantly downward-revised from previous estimates, as discussed in Myth 7. See UN-HABITAT, State of the World\u2019s Cities 2010\/2011: Bridging The Urban Divide, Earthscan, Nairobi, March 2010.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4] Personal communication from David Satterthwaite to Jeremy Seabrook, in J. Seabrook, In the Cities of the South: Scenes from a Developing World, Verso, 1996, p. 10.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5] Jorge E. Hardoy and David Satterthwaite, Squatter Citizen: Life in the Urban Third World, Earthscan, 1989, p. 53.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6] \u2018Getting land for housing; what strategies work for low-income groups?\u2019, Environment and Urbanization – Brief 19, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), October 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7] see Squatter Citizen, chapter one. See also Cecilia Tacoli et al, \u2018Urbanization, Poverty and Inequity: Is Rural-Urban Migration a Poverty Problem, or Part of the Solution?\u2019, in George Martine et al (eds)., The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century, IIED, UNFPA and Earthscan Publishing, 2008.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8] Farshad Araghi, \u2018Peasants and the Agrarian Question\u2019, in Fred Magdoff et al (eds), Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment, Monthly Review Press, New York, 2000.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9] Deborah Bryceson, \u2018Disappearing Peasantries? Rural Labour Redundancy in the Neoliberal Era and Beyond\u2019, in Deborah Bryceson et al, Disappearing Peasantries?Rural Labour in Latin America, Asia and Africa, Practical Action, 2000, pp. 304-5.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10] Frances Stewart, Adjustment and Poverty: Options and Choices, Routledge, New York, 1995.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11] Walden Bello et al, Dark Victory: The United States, Structural Adjustment and Global Poverty, Pluto Press, 1998; see also www.whirledbank.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12] UN-HABITAT, Global Report on Human Settlements 2003: The Challenge of Slums, Earthscan, London, chapter 3, p. 45.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13] ibid, p. 43.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14] For example, see Richard Peet, Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO, Zed Books, 2009, chapter 4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15] Myanmar is a notable exception in the case of neoliberalism, while Venezuala is a noted exception in the case of structural adjustment programmes across Latin America. See Alan Gilbert, \u2018Extreme Thinking About Slums and Slum Dweller: A Critique\u2019, SAIS Review vol. XXIX no. 1 (Winter-Spring 2009), pp. 37-38.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16] According to the European Network on Debt and Development, both the World Bank and the IMF are still making heavy use of economic policy conditionality, especially in sensitive areas such as privatisation and liberalisation. For example, see EURODAD, Untying the Knots: How the World Bank is Failing to Deliver Real Changes on Conditionality, 2007; and Nuria Molina and Javier Pereira, Critical Conditions: The IMF Maintains its Grip on Low-Income Governments, April 2008, www.eurodad.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Link to full report [pdf]: The Seven Myths of ‘Slums’ – Challenging Popular Prejudices About the World’s Urban Poor<\/a><\/p>\n

Link to landing page to view other chapters<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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