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20\u4e16\u7d00\u521d\u982d\u3001\u8fb2\u6751\u90e8\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u304c\u90fd\u5e02\u90e8\u3078\u79fb\u8ee2\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u8fb2\u6751\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u90e8\u3078\u306e\u6d41\u5165\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u7ba1\u7406\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u963b\u6b62\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6700\u3082\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u5f62\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6771\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3068\u5357\u90e8\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u90fd\u5e02\u306f\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u90e8\u3067\u306e\u6d6e\u6d6a\u8005\u6761\u4f8b\u3068\u4e26\u884c\u3057\u3066\u901a\u884c\u8a3c\u6cd5\u3092\u5236\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u90fd\u5e02\u3078\u306e\u79fb\u4f4f\u3092\u963b\u6b62\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u306f\u3001\u5c01\u9396\u3055\u308c\u305f\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u5468\u8fba\u306b\u653e\u7f6e\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b7\u30e3\u30f3\u30c6\u30a3\u30bf\u30a6\u30f3\u306e\u5f62\u6210\u306b\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30e8\u30fc\u30ed\u30c3\u30d1\u4eba\u5165\u690d\u8005\u306f\u6075\u307e\u308c\u306a\u3044\u4eba\u3005\u3084\u5951\u7d04\u3067\u7e1b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u52b4\u50cd\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u8cac\u4efb\u3092\u4e00\u5207\u8ca0\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002[3<\/a>] 1950\u5e74\u4ee3\u304b\u30891960\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u982d\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u72ec\u7acb\u3068\u72ec\u88c1\u653f\u6a29\u306e\u6253\u5012\u306b\u3088\u308a\u8ca7\u3057\u3044\u79fb\u6c11\u304c\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u306b\u5927\u91cf\u306b\u6d41\u5165\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u6025\u901f\u306a\u62e1\u5927\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5148\u4f4f\u6c11\u81ea\u6cbb\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u614b\u5ea6\u306f\u3001\u690d\u6c11\u5730\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u524d\u4efb\u8005\u3068\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u6982\u3057\u3066\u9032\u6b69\u7684\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u306f\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u300c\u764c\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3055\u308c\u3001\u6839\u7d76\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3060\u3068\u3055\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u5bfe\u5fdc\u306f\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u30d6\u30eb\u30c9\u30fc\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u308b\u53d6\u308a\u58ca\u3057\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6642\u306b\u306f\u897f\u6d0b\u3067\u8a13\u7df4\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u300c\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u300d\u3084\u30d7\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30c3\u30b7\u30e7\u30ca\u30eb\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5968\u52b1\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[4<\/a>] 1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u534a\u3070\u307e\u3067\u306b\u3001\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u30fb\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u5909\u5316\u304c\u751f\u3058\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u3084\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u9055\u6cd5\u306a\u4f4f\u5b85\u5f62\u614b\u304c\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u6210\u9577\u306e\u6052\u4e45\u7684\u306a\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a8d\u8b58\u304c\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306b\u8d77\u56e0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u306f\u5f90\u3005\u306b\u3001\u6839\u7d76\u653f\u7b56\u306f\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5bb6\u65cf\u3092\u3088\u308a\u60aa\u3044\u72b6\u6cc1\u306b\u8ffd\u3044\u3084\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u7d50\u675f\u306e\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u3092\u640d\u306a\u3063\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3080\u3057\u308d\u554f\u984c\u3092\u60aa\u5316\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6c17\u3065\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[5<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\u3053\u306e\u8003\u3048\u65b9\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306f\u3001\u30a4\u30ae\u30ea\u30b9\u306e\u5efa\u7bc9\u5bb6\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fbF\u30fbC\u30fb\u30bf\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u77e5\u7684\u306b\u88cf\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30bf\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u300eHousing by People: Towards Autonomy in Building Environments\uff08\u30cf\u30a6\u30b8\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u30d0\u30a4\u30fb\u30d4\u30fc\u30d7\u30eb\uff1a\u300c\u79fb\u4f4f\u306e\u81ea\u5f8b\u300d\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u623b\u3059\uff09\u300f\u306f\u30011976\u5e74\u306b\u7b2c1\u56de\u56fd\u9023\u4eba\u9593\u5c45\u4f4f\u4f1a\u8b70\u304c\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306e\u3068\u540c\u3058\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30da\u30eb\u30fc\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u8857\u3067\u76ee\u306b\u3057\u305f\u5275\u9020\u7684\u306a\u5275\u610f\u5de5\u592b\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u305f\u30bf\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u304c\u63d0\u5531\u3057\u305f\u3053\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u77e5\u6075\u306f\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u8857\u306e\u6539\u5584\uff08\u300c\u540c\u3058\u5834\u6240\u3067\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u3001\u5f37\u5236\u7684\u306b\u5225\u306e\u5834\u6240\u3078\u79fb\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304f\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u4f4f\u5c45\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3059\uff09\u3078\u306e\u73fe\u5730\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u81ea\u52a9\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f4f\u5b85\u5efa\u8a2d\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30bf\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u306f\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\u306f\u90fd\u5e02\u8ca7\u56f0\u306e\u6539\u9769\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u304c\u300c\u30c8\u30c3\u30d7\u30c0\u30a6\u30f3\u300d\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3067\u4e2d\u592e\u96c6\u6a29\u7684\u306b\u7ba1\u7406\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u4eba\u3005\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u63d0\u4f9b\u30fb\u7ba1\u7406\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u6700\u5584\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u7c21\u6f54\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u5f7c\u306e\u8457\u66f8\u306f\u30011960\u5e74\u4ee3\u30681970\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u7b2c\u4e09\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u306e\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u5c64\u306b\u5341\u5206\u304b\u3064\u9069\u5207\u306a\u4f4f\u5b85\u3092\u5272\u308a\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5931\u6557\u3057\u305f\u516c\u55b6\u4f4f\u5b85\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6700\u3082\u5e83\u304f\u8aad\u307e\u308c\u305f\u6279\u5224\u306e1\u3064\u3067\u3059\u3002[6<\/a>] \u30bf\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u304c\u521d\u671f\u306e\u30a8\u30c3\u30bb\u30a4\u306e1\u3064\u3067\u6307\u6458\u3057\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u4f4f\u5b85\u306f\u52d5\u8a5e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5148\u9032\u56fd\u306f\u3001\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u30fb\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u306e\u6025\u901f\u306b\u767a\u5c55\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u5171\u540c\u4f4f\u5b85\u5efa\u8a2d\u304b\u3089\u5b66\u3076\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u304c\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002[7<\/a>] \u56fd\u5bb6\u3001\u6c11\u9593\u306e\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u7684\u306a\u63f4\u52a9\u8005\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u306f\u3001\u30bf\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u306e\u8457\u4f5c\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u6bb5\u968e\u7684\u306b\u5efa\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4e0d\u6cd5\u5360\u62e0\u4f4f\u5b85\u3067\u751f\u6d3b\u3059\u308b\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u300c\u652f\u63f4\u8005\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u518d\u6982\u5ff5\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u306f\u554f\u984c\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u3082\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30bf\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u306e\u601d\u60f3\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u9280\u884c\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3082\u5f7c\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u624b\u6cd5\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u30011970\u5e74\u4ee3\u534a\u3070\u304b\u3089\u516c\u5f0f\u306b\u65b9\u91dd\u8ee2\u63db\u3057\u3001\u4e0d\u6cd5\u5360\u62e0\u8005\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u571f\u5730\u958b\u767a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u8857\u306e\u6539\u5584\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[8<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\u90fd\u5e02\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u96c6\u56e3\u7684\u306a\u529b<\/h4>\n

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\u5354\u529b\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u652f\u6301\u306e\u5909\u9769<\/h4>\n

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1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u5f8c\u534a\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u56fd\u3067\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u3084\u6398\u3063\u7acb\u3066\u5c0f\u5c4b\u306e\u5c45\u4f4f\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u90fd\u5e02\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u9023\u76df\u304c\u767a\u5c55\u3059\u308b\u306b\u3064\u308c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306e\u6210\u529f\u306f\u3001\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u5c64\u304c\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u6b63\u5f53\u306a\u4e00\u90e8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u53d7\u3051\u5165\u308c\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304d\u3063\u304b\u3051\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u304c\u300c\u4ed6\u8005\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304b\u3001\u88d5\u798f\u306a\u5e02\u6c11\u3088\u308a\u3082\u52a3\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u795e\u8a71\u3092\u6253\u3061\u7834\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u9023\u76df\u304c\u7bc9\u3044\u305f\u4f8b\u3092\u53c2\u8003\u306b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u3053\u304b\u3089\u5b66\u3093\u3060\u90e8\u5206\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3068\u529b\u91cf\u3092\u793a\u3059\u81ea\u5f8b\u7684\u306a\u884c\u52d5\u3068\u653f\u5e9c\u6a5f\u95a2\u3078\u306e\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u306e\u7533\u3057\u51fa\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u5e02\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c0e\u306e\u5171\u540c\u751f\u7523\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306f\u3001S.D.I.\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u30fb\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u306e28\u304b\u56fd\u3067\u63a8\u9032\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u6700\u521d\u306f\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\uff081991\u5e74\u4ee5\u676523,000\u4e16\u5e2f\u306e\u5c45\u4f4f\u6a29\u306e\u4fdd\u969c\u304c\u4ea4\u6e09\u3055\u308c\u3001\u9023\u76df\u304c\u56fd\u5bb6\u3068\u5354\u529b\u3057\u306615,800\u6238\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u3092\u5efa\u8a2d\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u306b\u5e83\u304c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[17<\/a>] \u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u5c45\u4f4f\u533a\u3067\u9023\u76df\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u305f3\u756a\u76ee\u306e\u56fd\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30bf\u30a4\u306f\u3001500\u4e07\u4eba\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u308b\u6d3b\u767a\u306a\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u8caf\u84c4\u8005\u306e\u6570\u306f\u53f2\u4e0a\u6700\u9ad8\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u63a8\u5b9a2\u5104600\u4e07\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u8caf\u84c4\u984d\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3057\u3001\u5e02\u6c11\u4e3b\u5c0e\u3067\u5171\u540c\u5efa\u7bc9\u3055\u308c\u305f\u4f4f\u5b85\u306e\u6570\u30824\u4e07\u6238\u3068\u6700\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u3092\u8a87\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002[18<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u7121\u80fd\u3055\u3084\u6020\u60f0\u3055\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u5730\u57df\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u653f\u5e9c\u3084\u56fd\u969b\u6a5f\u95a2\u3068\u5354\u529b\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306a\u30b9\u30c6\u30ec\u30aa\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u3068\u306f\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306b\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u4e3b\u5c0e\u306e\u6539\u5584\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u304c\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u8857\u3092\u6b63\u5f0f\u306b\u767b\u9332\u3057\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u8857\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3059\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4e8b\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\u304c\u6570\u591a\u304f\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059[Box 1\u53c2\u7167]\u3002\u30bf\u30a4\u306e\u30d0\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30f3\u30b3\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5408\u8a0814,642\u4e16\u5e2f\u304c\u3001\u591a\u69d8\u306a\u6539\u5584\u3001\u518d\u5efa\u3001\u571f\u5730\u5171\u6709\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u3001\u571f\u5730\u6240\u6709\u6a29\u306e\u78ba\u4fdd\uff08\u5354\u540c\u7d44\u5408\u3001\u500b\u4eba\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30ea\u30fc\u30b9\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\uff09\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u4ea4\u6e09\u3082\u884c\u308f\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f[19<\/a>]\u3002\u30d1\u30ad\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u30012400\u4e07\u4eba\u304c\u975e\u516c\u5f0f\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u3084\u90fd\u5e02\u5468\u8fba\u90e8\u306b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\u3001\u56fd\u5185248\u304b\u6240\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3067\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u304c\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4f53\u3068\u5354\u529b\u3057\u3066\u5185\u90e8\u4e0b\u6c34\u9053\u958b\u767a\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u8abf\u9054\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u5efa\u8a2d\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059[20<\/a>]\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30aa\u30e9\u30f3\u30ae\u5730\u533a\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5730\u5143\u4f4f\u6c11\u304c\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u51fa\u3057\u5408\u3063\u306698,527\u6238\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4e0b\u6c34\u9053\u3092\u5efa\u8a2d\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[21<\/a>] \u307e\u305f\u3001\u30a2\u30eb\u30bc\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u306e\u30d6\u30a8\u30ce\u30b9\u30a2\u30a4\u30ec\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u30de\u30c9\u30ec\u30b9\u30fb\u30c7\u30fb\u30d7\u30e9\u30b5\u30fb\u30c7\u30fb\u30de\u30e8\u5354\u4f1a\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u4eba\u6c17\u306e\u793e\u4f1a\u56e3\u4f53\u304c\u30012007\u5e74\u306b\u5e02\u5f53\u5c40\u3068\u8fd1\u96a3\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u5354\u540c\u7d44\u5408\u3068\u5171\u540c\u5354\u5b9a\u3092\u7d50\u3073\u3001\u53e4\u3044\u5de5\u696d\u7528\u5009\u5eab\u306b\u3042\u308b\u5de5\u5834\u3092\u518d\u751f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30ad\u30e5\u30fc\u30d0\u3067\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u304f\u5efa\u8a2d\u65b9\u6cd5\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u305f\u3053\u306e\u5de5\u5834\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3067\u306f\u6bce\u5e74\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u30825000\u6238\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u4f4f\u5b85\u3092\u5efa\u8a2d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30d1\u30a4\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u6280\u8853\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3066\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u4f4e\u3044\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u3067105\u6238\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u3092\u5efa\u8a2d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u6210\u529f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u8a17\u5150\u6240\u3001\u516c\u5712\u3001\u7167\u660e\u3001\u5546\u5e97\u306a\u3069\u306e\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u65bd\u8a2d\u3082\u5efa\u8a2d\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4f53\u4e8b\u52d9\u6240\u3092\u5efa\u8a2d\u3057\u305f\uff09\u3002[22<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\n

Box 1. \u652f\u63f4\u4ed8\u304d\u81ea\u52a9\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u7814\u7a76\uff1a\u30bf\u30a4\u3068\u30a2\u30eb\u30bc\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u30bf\u30a4\u653f\u5e9c\u304c2003\u5e741\u6708\u306b\u958b\u59cb\u3057\u305f\u5168\u56fd\u898f\u6a21\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u300c\u30d0\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30f3\u30b3\u30f3\uff08\u5b89\u5168\u306a\u4f4f\u5c45\uff09\u300d\u306f\u3001\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u5c64\u3068\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u4f53\u3001\u958b\u767a\u5c02\u9580\u5bb6\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u3001\u975e\u653f\u5e9c\u7d44\u7e54\uff08NGO\uff09\u3068\u306e\u9023\u643a\u304c\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u306e\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u6539\u5584\u30fb\u5411\u4e0a\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3092\u793a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30bf\u30a4\u56fd\u5185200\u90fd\u5e02\u306e2000\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306e30\u4e07\u4e16\u5e2f\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u74b0\u5883\u3068\u5c45\u4f4f\u6a29\u306e\u5b89\u5b9a\u6027\u30925\u5e74\u9593\u3067\u6539\u5584\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u91ce\u5fc3\u7684\u306a\u76ee\u6a19\u3092\u63b2\u3052\u305f\u30d0\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30f3\u30b3\u30f3\u30fb\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306f\u3001\u30bf\u30a4\u306e\u90fd\u5e02\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u534a\u6570\u306b\u4f4f\u5b85\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u6a29\u3092\u63e1\u308a\u3001\u5730\u57df\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u597d\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u5b9f\u8a3c\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[23<\/a>] \u5f93\u6765\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u3084\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u518d\u958b\u767a\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u3068\u306f\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306f\u90fd\u5e02\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306b\u8ab2\u3059\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u9650\u308a\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u72ec\u81ea\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u8a2d\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u81ea\u7531\u3092\u5f97\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306f\u8cc7\u91d1\u8abf\u9054\u3001\u7ba1\u7406\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5efa\u8a2d\u4f5c\u696d\u306e\u5927\u90e8\u5206\uff08\u8acb\u8ca0\u696d\u8005\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u4ee3\u308f\u308a\u306b\uff09\u3092\u30b3\u30f3\u30c8\u30ed\u30fc\u30eb\u3059\u308b\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u4e3b\u4f53\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6d3b\u52d5\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u539f\u5247\u306f\u3001\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u9650\u308a\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u3092\u305d\u306e\u5834\u3067\u6539\u5584\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4e16\u5e2f\u306e\u96c7\u7528\u3084\u53ce\u5165\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u306a\u30cd\u30c3\u30c8\u30ef\u30fc\u30af\u306e\u59a8\u5bb3\u3092\u907f\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u79fb\u8ee2\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u4e16\u5e2f\u3078\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u6700\u5c0f\u9650\u306b\u6291\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u4f4f\u5b85\u3092\u958b\u767a\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7528\u5730\u304c\u8fd1\u304f\u306b\u63a2\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u653f\u5e9c\u6a5f\u95a2\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u306b\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u552f\u4e00\u306e\u8a08\u753b\u8005\u3001\u5b9f\u65bd\u8005\u3001\u5efa\u8a2d\u7ba1\u7406\u8005\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u5f79\u5272\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u304b\u3089\u306e\u63f4\u52a9\u3092\u305f\u3060\u53d7\u3051\u53d6\u308b\u53d7\u52d5\u7684\u306a\u5b58\u5728\u304b\u3089\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u958b\u767a\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6700\u3082\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306a\u5909\u9769\u306e\u62c5\u3044\u624b\u3078\u3068\u5909\u5316\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[24<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\u90fd\u5e02\u90e8\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u3068\u305d\u306e\u53ce\u5165\u3092\u5f97\u308b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3084\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u304c\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u300c\u554f\u984c\u300d\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u304c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u3059\u308b\u4f4f\u5b85\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u305f\u3061\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3092\u6539\u5584\u3057\u3001\u81ea\u6cbb\u4f53\u5f53\u5c40\u3068\u4ea4\u6e09\u3059\u308b\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u7d20\u6674\u3089\u3057\u3044\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30eb\u30bc\u30f3\u30c1\u30f3\u306e\u30d6\u30a8\u30ce\u30b9\u30a2\u30a4\u30ec\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5927\u8846\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f4f\u5b85\u5efa\u8a2d\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u306b\u7d44\u7e54\u3055\u308c\u305f\u793e\u4f1a\u904b\u52d5\u304c\u8981\u6c42\u3084\u6297\u8b70\u304b\u3089\u56fd\u5bb6\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u8a71\u3078\u3068\u79fb\u884c\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304d\u306b\u4f55\u304c\u9054\u6210\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3059\u30021990\u5e74\u4ee3\u306e\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u306a\u7d4c\u6e08\u8abf\u6574\u653f\u7b56\uff08\u898f\u5236\u7de9\u548c\u3001\u516c\u5171\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u306e\u6c11\u55b6\u5316\u3001\u56fd\u5bb6\u6539\u9769\u306b\u8981\u7d04\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u306e\u5f8c\u3001\u9ad8\u3044\u5931\u696d\u7387\u3068\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u5168\u4f53\u3067\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u306e\u975e\u6b63\u898f\u5e02\u8857\u5730\u306b\u4f4f\u3080\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u81a8\u5927\u306a\u5897\u52a0\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u758e\u5916\u3055\u308c\u305f\u90fd\u5e02\u90e8\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u6297\u8b70\u904b\u52d5\u304c\u8d77\u3053\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[25<\/a>]\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u793e\u4f1a\u904b\u52d5\u3084\u7d44\u7e54\u306e\u30d4\u30b1\u30c6\uff08\u30d4\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\uff09\u6226\u8853\u306f\u3001\u4e3b\u306b\u4e3b\u8981\u9053\u8def\u306e\u4ea4\u901a\u3092\u59a8\u5bb3\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u6226\u7565\u7684\u306a\u5834\u6240\u306e\u5468\u308a\u306b\u5927\u52e2\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u52d5\u54e1\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u5f62\u3067\u3001\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5e83\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u653f\u6cbb\u69cb\u9020\u306e\u5b58\u7d9a\u3092\u6df1\u523b\u306b\u8105\u304b\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[26<\/a>]<\/p>\n

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\n

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\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u6392\u9664<\/h4>\n

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\n

Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n

[1] John F.C. Turner, Housing by People, Marion Boyers, 1976, pp. 23-26.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2] see Nandini Gooptu, The Politics of the Urban Poor in Twentieth-Century India, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 421.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3] Sue Jones and Nici Nelson. Urban Poverty in Africa: From understanding to alleviation, Immediate Technology<\/p>\n

Publications, London, 1999.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4] Squatter Citizen, pp. 41-3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5] Ibid, pp. 43-4, 95.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6] Ibid, pp. 106-117.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7] John Turner, \u2018Housing is a Verb\u2019, in John Turner and Robert Fichter (eds), Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process, New York, 1972.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8] Rod Burgess, \u2018Petty commodity housing or dweller control? A critique of John Turner\u2019s views on housing policy\u2019, World Development, Vol 6., 1978, pp. 1105-1133.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9] Janice E. Perlman and Molly O’Meara Sheehan, State of the World 2007: Our Urban Future, Worldwatch Institute, November 2006, see chapter 9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10] Kirtee Shah, \u2018Agenda 21 for Sustainable Construction in Developing Cities\u2019, in Luigi Fusco Girard et al (eds), The human sustainable city: challenges and perspectives from the habitat agenda, Ashgate Publishing, 2003, p. 291.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11] As of September 2008. See Shack\/Slum Dwellers International, About Us, www.sdinet.org\/about-us\/<\/a> (accessed May 2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12] Robert Neuwirth, \u2018Bricks, Mortar and Mobilization\u2019, in Ford Foundation Report, vol.36, issue 2\/3, Spring-Summer 2005, pp. 13-18.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13] \u2018Citizen Driven Action on Urban Poverty Reduction\u2019, Environment & Urbanisation Brief 17, International Institute for Environment and Development, October 2008, p2; see also David Satterthwaite, \u2018Editorial: The Social and Political Basis for Citizen Action on Urban Poverty Reduction\u2019, in Environment & Urbanisation: City Governance and Citizen Action, Vol 20 no. 2, October 2008, pp 311-313.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14] For example, the government of South Africa supported one of the world\u2019s largest and most generous subsidy programmes to support low-income households, but many of the buildings were of poor quality and often inappropriately located owing to the lack of involvement of urban poor organisations in the management and design of the project. See David Satterthwaite, ibid, p. 313.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15] Ibid, pp 311-313.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16] Jockin Arputham, \u2018Developing new approaches for people-centred development\u2019, in Environment & Urbanisation: City Governance and Citizen Action, Vol 20 no. 2, October 2008, p. 336.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17] As of September 2008. See Shack\/Slum Dwellers International, About Us, www.sdinet.org\/about-us\/<\/a> (accessed May 2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18] See table 1: Examples of the savings and work programmes of the federations, in Environment & Urbanisation Brief 17, op cit, p. 3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19] Somsook Boonyabancha, \u2018Baan Mankong: Going to Scale with \u201cSlum\u201d and Squatter Upgrading in Thailand\u2019, in Environment & Urbanization, Vol. 17 no. 1, April 2005, p. 34.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20] In 2006, the architect and planner Arif Hasan estimated that 9 million people in Pakistan live in unauthorised urban settlements on government land, and another 15 million live in the informal sub-division of agricultural land on the periphery of Pakistan\u2019s cities and towns. See Arif Hasan, \u2018Orangi Pilot Project: The Expansion of Work Beyond Orangi and the Mapping of Informal Settlements and Infrastructure\u2019, in Environment & Urbanisation, Vol 18 no. 2, October 2006, p. 454.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21] Ibid, pp. 451-2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22] Mariano Scheinsohn and Cecilia Cabrera, \u2018Social Movements and the Production of Housing in Buenos Aires; When Polices Are Effective\u2019, in Environment & Urbanisation: City Governance and Citizen Action II, Vol 21, No. 1, April 2009, pp. 119-123.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23] Somsook Boonyabancha, op cit, pp. 21-46.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24] Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25] The population living in very low-income informal settlements in Buenos Aires alone increased from under 20,000 people in 1982, to over 100,000 in 2001. See figure 1 in Mariano Scheinsohn and Cecilia Cabrera, op cit, p. 110.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26] Mariano Scheinsohn and Cecilia Cabrera, op cit, p. 112.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27] Ibid, pp. 113-119.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28] See \u2018The Habitat Agenda Goals and Principles, Commitments and the Global Plan of Action\u2019, Habitat II conference in Istanbul, Turkey, 3-14 June 1996.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29] Pietro Garau, Elliott D. Sclar and Gabriella Y. Carolini, A Home in the City: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals, Task Force on Improving the Lives of Slum Dwellers, Earthscan, 2005.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30] For example, see UN-HABITAT, State of the World\u2019s Cities 2006\/7, Earthscan, 2006.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31] UN-HABITAT, \u2018Slums: Past, Present and Future \u2013 the Critical Role of Policy\u2019, paper prepared for the Secretary General\u2019s visit to Kibera, Nairobi 30-31 January, 2007.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32] Deanna Fowler et al, Global Survey on Forced Evictions: Violations of Human Rights 2003-2006, Centre on Housing Rights and Evictions (COHRE), Geneva, December 2006.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33] Ibid, pp. 5-6.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34] Other causes of forced eviction may include tenure insecurity\/absence of formal rights; development and infrastructure projects; large international events, such as the Olympic Games; urban redevelopment and \u2018beautification\u2019 initiatives; property market forces and \u2018gentrification\u2019; absence of state support for the poor; political conflict, ethnic cleansing; and war. See Deanna Fowler et al, op cit, p. 9.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35] Sandhya Srinivasan, \u2018Tsunami-Like Devastation Hits Mumbai Slum Dwellers\u2019, Inter Press Service, January 30, 2005, http:\/\/ipsnews.net<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36] Gautam Bhan, \u2018\u201cThis is no longer the city I once knew\u201d. Evictions, the urban poor and the right to the city in millennial Delhi\u2019, in Environment & Urbanisation: City Governance and Citizen Action II, Vol 21, No. 1, April 2009, p. 135.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37] Ibid, p 140.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38] Sandhya Srinivasan, op cit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39] see Sheela Patel and Jockin Arputham, \u2018Plans for Dharavi: negotiating a reconciliation between state-driven market redevelopment and residents\u2019 aspirations\u2019\u2019, in Environment & Urbanisation, Vol 20 no 1., April 2008, pp. 243-254.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Link to full report [pdf]: The Seven Myths of ‘Slums’ – Challenging Popular Prejudices About the World’s Urban Poor<\/a><\/p>\n

Link to landing page to view other chapters<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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