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\n

Box 3<\/strong>\uff1a\u30ad\u30d9\u30e9\uff1a\u63f4\u52a9\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u4f4e\u3055\u3092\u793a\u3059\u30b1\u30fc\u30b9\u30b9\u30bf\u30c7\u30a3<\/strong><\/h3>\n

\u56fd\u969b\u63f4\u52a9\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u963b\u5bb3\u3059\u308b\u8981\u56e0\u3092\u793a\u3059\u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u6ce8\u76ee\u3059\u3079\u304d\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u30ca\u30a4\u30ed\u30d3\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u30d1\u30a4\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u304c\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30ca\u30a4\u30ed\u30d3\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u534a\u6570\u304c100\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u3084\u4e0d\u6cd5\u5c45\u4f4f\u5730\u306b\u66ae\u3089\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u30022002\u5e74\u306b\u30b1\u30cb\u30a2\u653f\u5e9c\u3068\u30b7\u30c6\u30a3\u30fc\u30ba\u30fb\u30a2\u30e9\u30a4\u30a2\u30f3\u30b9\uff08\u56fd\u9023\u4eba\u9593\u5c45\u4f4f\u8a08\u753b\uff08UN-HABITAT\uff09\u3068\u4e16\u754c\u9280\u884c\u304c\u4e3b\u5c0e\u3059\u308b\u90fd\u5e02\u652f\u63f4\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u9023\u5408\u4f53\uff09\u3068\u306e\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30b1\u30cb\u30a2\u30fb\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\uff08KENSUP\uff09\u306f\u30012020\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u306b\u30b1\u30cb\u30a2\u5168\u571f\u306e\u300c\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3057\u50cd\u304f\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u6c34\u6e96\u5168\u822c\u3092\u5411\u4e0a\u3055\u305b\u308b\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002[23<\/a>] 2008\u5e74\u3001\u30b1\u30cb\u30a2\u306e\u30e9\u30a4\u30e9\u30fb\u30aa\u30c7\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u9996\u76f8\u306f\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u304c3\u5e74\u8db3\u3089\u305a\u3067\u30ca\u30a4\u30ed\u30d3\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u5c45\u4f4f\u8005\u5411\u3051\u306b3\u4e07\u6238\u306e\u4f4f\u5b85\u3092\u5b8c\u6210\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[24<\/a>] \u5168\u56fd\u7d19\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306f10\u5e74\u4ee5\u5185\u306b\u30b1\u30cb\u30a2\u306e\u300c\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u3092\u306a\u304f\u3059\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[25<\/a>] \u6e96\u5099\u671f\u9593\u304c7\u5e74\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u3082\u53ca\u3093\u30602009\u5e749\u6708\u3001\u30b5\u30cf\u30e9\u4ee5\u5357\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u6700\u5927\u306e\u975e\u6b63\u898f\u5e02\u8857\u5730\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u30ad\u30d9\u30e9\u3067\u6700\u521d\u306e\u30d1\u30a4\u30ed\u30c3\u30c8\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u304c\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[26<\/a>] P\u30fbM\u30fb\u30aa\u30c7\u30a3\u30f3\u30ac\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u306f\u300c\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u306a\u5b66\u6821\u3001\u5e02\u5834\u3001\u904a\u3073\u5834\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u65bd\u8a2d\u3092\u5099\u3048\u305f\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u7684\u306a\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u5411\u3051\u4f4f\u5b85\u56e3\u5730\u300d\u306e\u5efa\u8a2d\u306b\u5411\u3051\u305f\u6e96\u5099\u3092\u884c\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002[27<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u56fd\u9023\u304c\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u306e\u53c2\u52a0\u3068\u53c2\u52a0\u578b\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3089\u7f8e\u8f9e\u9e97\u53e5\u3092\u4e26\u3079\u7acb\u3066\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e1300\u4eba\u304c\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30b3\u30f3\u30af\u30ea\u30fc\u30c8\u9020\u308a\u306e\u30a2\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u306b\u79fb\u8ee2\u3057\u305f\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6b8b\u308a\u306e\u6570\u5341\u4e07\u4eba\u306e\u4f4f\u6c11\u306b\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5e0c\u671b\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3042\u308b\u5730\u5143NGO\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u8010\u3048\u96e3\u3044\u307b\u3069\u306e\u4e0d\u885b\u751f\u3068\u6975\u5ea6\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u300d\u304c\u3001\u5931\u696d\u7387\u306e\u4e0a\u6607\u3068\u98df\u6599\u4fa1\u683c\u306e\u9ad8\u9a30\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u53d6\u308a\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u82e6\u3057\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u30ca\u30a4\u30ed\u30d3\u3067\u306f\u72b6\u6cc1\u304c\u60aa\u5316\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002[28<\/a>] \u3055\u3089\u306b\u30011\u65e51\u30c9\u30eb\u672a\u6e80\u3067\u751f\u6d3b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6700\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u4f4f\u6c11\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u30a2\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u306e\u6708\u3005\u306e\u5bb6\u8cc3\u306e\u5024\u4e0a\u3052\u3084\u96fb\u6c17\u4ee3\u3001\u6c34\u9053\u4ee3\u306e\u5024\u4e0a\u3052\u3092\u8ca0\u62c5\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u61f8\u5ff5\u3082\u63d0\u8d77\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4f4f\u6c11\u306b\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u4f4f\u6238\u306e\u6b8b\u308a\u306e2\u90e8\u5c4b\u3092\u8cb8\u3057\u51fa\u3059\u3088\u3046\u4fc3\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6539\u5584\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306f\u904e\u5bc6\u306e\u554f\u984c\u3092\u89e3\u6c7a\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u3082\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[29<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\u8a08\u753b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u4e2d\u306b\u5f53\u5c40\u3068\u5730\u57df\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u306e\u9593\u3067\u9577\u671f\u9593\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u5354\u8b70\u304c\u884c\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3068\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u96c6\u5408\u4f4f\u5b85\u306f\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5bc6\u96c6\u3057\u3066\u5efa\u8a2d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3001\u8d77\u696d\u5bb6\u7cbe\u795e\u65fa\u76db\u306a\u5165\u5c45\u8005\u304c\u6b8b\u308a\u306e\u30b9\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u751f\u8a08\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u56f0\u96e3\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u79fb\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u4f4f\u6c11\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u610f\u601d\u306b\u53cd\u3057\u3066\u79fb\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3089\u308c\u305f\u3068\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u8005\u3082\u304a\u308a\u3001\u30ad\u30d9\u30e9\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u306e\u65b9\u304c\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u96c6\u5408\u4f4f\u5b85\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5c45\u4f4f\u30b9\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u3068\u81ea\u7531\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[30<\/a>] \u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u554f\u984c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u5168\u56fd\u7684\u306a\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u8a08\u753b\u306e\u5b9f\u65bd\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308b\u7dcf\u4e88\u7b97\u306f\u30012006\u5e74\u306e\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u65e2\u306b\u300c\u7d75\u7a7a\u4e8b\u300d\u3068\u898b\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[31<\/a>] 2009\u5e748\u6708\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\u5927\u81e3\u306f\u3001\u30b1\u30cb\u30a2\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u8857\u3092\u300c\u6839\u7d76\u300d\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7dcf\u8cbb\u7528\u306f8850\u5104\u30b7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u306b\u306f\u5230\u5e95\u7528\u610f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u91d1\u984d\u3060\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002[32<\/a>] \u3055\u3089\u306b\u30012009\u5e74\u306b\u30ad\u30d9\u30e9\u30fb\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u304c\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u30da\u30fc\u30b9\u3067\u306f\u3001\u65e2\u5b58\u306e\u4f4f\u6c11\u5168\u54e1\u306e\u6539\u5584\u3092\u5b8c\u4e86\u3059\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3055\u3089\u306b1170\u5e74\u304b\u304b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002[33<\/a>]<\/p>\n

\n

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\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066<\/strong><\/h4>\n

1970\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u964d\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u63f4\u52a9\u6a5f\u95a2\u306e\u6210\u679c\u306f\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3048\u3001\u63f4\u52a9\u304c\u4e0d\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u304b\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306e\u751f\u6d3b\u74b0\u5883\u6539\u5584\u306b\u5f79\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u63f4\u52a9\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3055\u308c\u308b\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u306a\u6210\u679c\u306e\u4f8b\u306f\u6570\u591a\u304f\u6319\u3052\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u8ca0\u62c5\u3092\u8efd\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u4f4f\u5b85\u3084\u57fa\u790e\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u306e\u63d0\u4f9b\u3001\u7d66\u6c34\u30fb\u885b\u751f\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3001\u5730\u57df\u533b\u7642\u30af\u30ea\u30cb\u30c3\u30af\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u5730\u65b9\u81ea\u6cbb\u306e\u6539\u5584\u306a\u3069\u304b\u3089\u5730\u57df\u793e\u4f1a\u304c\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u4eab\u53d7\u3059\u308b\u6069\u6075\u306a\u3069\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3080\u3057\u308d\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u4f4f\u5b85\u5371\u6a5f\u3092\u9069\u5207\u306b\u8a8d\u8b58\u3057\u5bfe\u51e6\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u63f4\u52a9\u3092\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u62e1\u5927\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4e8c\u56fd\u9593\u63f4\u52a9\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u3084\u4e16\u754c\u9280\u884c\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u3078\u306e\u652f\u63f4\u3092\u7e2e\u5c0f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u73fe\u72b6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u306a\u304a\u3055\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002\u3088\u308a\u6839\u672c\u7684\u306a\u554f\u984c\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u958b\u767a\u76ee\u6a19\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4f4f\u5b85\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u771f\u306e\u4e3b\u4f53\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u653f\u5e9c\u3084NGO\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u306b\u4f4f\u307f\u3001\u50cd\u304f\u4eba\u3005\u3084\u7d44\u7e54\u304c\u6d3b\u7528\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

\u5206\u6563\u578b\u6d3b\u52d5\u3084\u30b3\u30df\u30e5\u30cb\u30c6\u30a3\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u3092\u652f\u63f4\u3059\u308b\u90fd\u5e02\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\uff0f\u4f4f\u5b85\u958b\u767a\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3067\u3055\u3048\u3001\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u554f\u984c\u306e\u89e3\u6c7a\u7b56\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u904e\u304e\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4eba\u53e3\u5bc6\u5ea6\u304c\u6975\u3081\u3066\u9ad8\u3044\u975e\u6b63\u898f\u5e02\u8857\u5730\u3092\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6539\u5584\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\u3084\u4ecb\u5165\u306f\u3001\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u4eba\u53e3\u306e4\u5206\u306e1\u304c\u90fd\u5e02\u306e\u571f\u5730\u306e\u308f\u305a\u304b5\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u306b\u5c45\u4f4f\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u3092\u5bb9\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u7b49\u3057\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3048\u307e\u3059\uff08\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u30c7\u30ea\u30fc\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff09\u3002[36<\/a>] \u6d77\u5916\u63f4\u52a9\u6a5f\u95a2\u306f\u3001\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u90fd\u5e02\u3067\u591a\u304f\u306e\u30b9\u30e9\u30e0\u6539\u5584\u8a08\u753b\u3092\u652f\u63f4\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\uff08\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6700\u3082\u9ad8\u4fa1\u306a\u30db\u30c6\u30eb\u3001\u30ec\u30b9\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u3001\u8eca\u3001\u5217\u8eca\u3001\u98db\u884c\u6a5f\u304b\u3089\u90fd\u5e02\u958b\u767a\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u5916\u56fd\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u6301\u3064\u897f\u6d0b\u306e\u30b3\u30f3\u30b5\u30eb\u30bf\u30f3\u30c8\u3084\u30a2\u30c9\u30d0\u30a4\u30b6\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8abf\u6574\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u304c\u3001\u540c\u6642\u306b\u5bcc\u3001\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u958b\u767a\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u30d3\u30b8\u30cd\u30b9\u3092\u512a\u5148\u3059\u308b\u958b\u767a\u7d4c\u8def\u3092\u652f\u63f4\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u90fd\u5e02\u958b\u767a\u63f4\u52a9\u3068\u306f\u5225\u306b\u3001\u4e8c\u56fd\u9593\u6a5f\u95a2\u3084\u591a\u56fd\u9593\u878d\u8cc7\u6a5f\u95a2\u304c\u5b9f\u65bd\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u3084\u30d7\u30ed\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u306f\u3001\u63f4\u52a9\u306e\u53d7\u7d66\u8005\u3068\u306a\u308b\u4eba\u53e3\u306e\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u758e\u5916\u3059\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u69cb\u9020\u8abf\u6574\u878d\u8cc7\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3067\u7279\u306b\u9855\u8457\u306b\u8868\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u9280\u884c\u3068IMF\u306f1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u304b\u30891990\u5e74\u4ee3\u306b\u304b\u3051\u306670\u30ab\u56fd\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u69cb\u9020\u8abf\u6574\u878d\u8cc7\u3092\u8ab2\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u3001\u30e9\u30c6\u30f3\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u5730\u57df\u3067\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u306b\u58ca\u6ec5\u7684\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n

\u77ed\u671f\u7684\u306b\u6d77\u5916\u958b\u767a\u63f4\u52a9\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3092\u4e3b\u5f35\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u591a\u56fd\u7c4d\u4f01\u696d\u3084\u897f\u5074\u91d1\u878d\u6a5f\u95a2\u306b\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3059\u30de\u30af\u30ed\u7d4c\u6e08\u6539\u9769\u3092\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3001\u6148\u5584\u4e8b\u696d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u63f4\u52a9\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u6642\u3057\u306e\u304e\u306e\u56fd\u969b\u7d4c\u6e08\u79e9\u5e8f\u3092\u5bb9\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u63f4\u52a9\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u81a8\u5927\u306a\u6587\u732e\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u30fb\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u63f4\u52a9\u4f9d\u5b58\u300d\u306b\u53cd\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u58f0\u304c\u6570\u591a\u304f\u898b\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u771f\u306b\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u958b\u767a\u306f\u56fd\u5185\u304b\u3089\u751f\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5916\u90e8\u304b\u3089\u306e\u63f4\u52a9\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u660e\u767d\u3067\u3059\u3002[37<\/a>] \u958b\u767a\u63f4\u52a9\u306e\u307f\u306b\u7126\u70b9\u3092\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u50b5\u52d9\u3001\u30bf\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u30d8\u30a4\u30d6\u30f3\u3001\u4f01\u696d\u6a29\u529b\u3001\u8cbf\u6613\u6b63\u7fa9\u3001\u653f\u7b56\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u306e\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3001\u95a2\u9023\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u306e\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u306a\u6b63\u7fa9\u306e\u554f\u984c\u304b\u3089\u6ce8\u610f\u3092\u305d\u3089\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3082\u306a\u308a\u304b\u306d\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u7d71\u6cbb\u3059\u308b\u5927\u56fd\u3084\u6a5f\u95a2\u304c\u76ee\u6a19\u3084\u512a\u5148\u9806\u4f4d\u3092\u5909\u3048\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u63f4\u52a9\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u305f\u3068\u304a\u308a\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\uff08\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u300c\u4eba\u3005\u3092\u8ca7\u56f0\u306b\u3068\u3089\u3048\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u5f37\u3044\u529b\u306b\u6253\u3061\u52dd\u3064\u305f\u3081\u306e\u5341\u5206\u306a\u63a8\u9032\u529b\u3092\u63d0\u4f9b\u3059\u308b\u300d\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6a5f\u80fd\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\uff09\u3053\u3068\u306f\u7591\u308f\u3057\u3044\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002[38<\/a>] \u90fd\u5e02\u90e8\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u306e\u6838\u5fc3\u306b\u3042\u308b\u8cc7\u6e90\u3084\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u3078\u306e\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u306a\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30b9\u306f\u3001\u653f\u5e9c\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5e02\u5834\u3092\u3001\u518d\u5206\u914d\u6226\u7565\u3088\u308a\u3082\u5bcc\u306e\u84c4\u7a4d\u3092\u512a\u5148\u3057\u3001\u8ca7\u56f0\u5c64\u3092\u56fd\u969b\u63f4\u52a9\u3067\u90e8\u5206\u7684\u306b\u6551\u6e08\u3059\u308b\u5f8c\u56de\u3057\u306e\u4e8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6271\u3046\u958b\u767a\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b\u662f\u6b63\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n

\n

Notes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n
\n

[1] David Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda<\/em>, Kumarian Press, West Hartford, CT, 1990, p. ix.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2] Michael Cohen, \u2018Urban Assistance and the Material World: Learning by Doing a the World Bank\u2019, Environment & Urbanization<\/em>, Vol 13 No 1 April 2001, p. 37.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), \u2018Donors\u2019 Mixed Aid Performance for 2010 Sparks Concern\u2019, 17th February 2010, www.oecd.org<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4] Richard Stren, \u2018International Assistance for Cities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Do We Still Need It?\u2019, Environment & Urbanisation<\/em>, Vol 20 No 2, October 2008, p. 377.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5] David Satterthwaite, \u2018Reducing Urban Poverty: Constraints on the Effectiveness of Aid Agencies and Development Banks and Some Suggestions for Change\u2019, Environment & Urbanisation<\/em>, Vol 13 No 1, April 2001, see table 2, p. 154.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6] Care International UK, Cities on the Brink: Urban Poverty in the 21st Century<\/em>, June 2006, p. 8, www.careinternational.org.uk\/urban<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7] A leading scholar of the urban bias thesis since the 1970s was Michael Lipton, whose ideas were developed in many World Bank documents by analysts such as Robert Bates and Elliott Berg. See Stuart Corbridge and Gareth A. Jones, \u2018The Continuing Debate About Urban Bias: The Thesis, Its Critics, Its Influence, and Implications for Poverty Reduction Strategies\u2019, Progress in Development Studies<\/em>, vol. 10 no. 1, January 2010.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8] Richard Stren, op cit, pp. 378, 382.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9] Challenge of Slums<\/em>, pp. 136-145.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10] Squatter Citizen,<\/em> pp. 106-113.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11] Cedric Pugh, \u2018The Role of the World Bank in Housing\u2019, in Brian Aldrich and Ranvinder Sandhu, Housing the Urban Poor: Policy and Practice in Developing Countries<\/em>, Zed Books, 1995, p. 64.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12] Cities Alliance, Cities Alliance: Cities Without Slums<\/em>, Home Page, 2007, accessed June 2010,\u00a0 www.citiesalliance.org\/ca\/about-cities-alliance<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13] \u2018Sites-and-Services\u2019 schemes are the provision of plots of land (ie. sites), either on ownership or land lease tenure, along with a bare minimum of essential infrastructure needed for habitation (ie. services such as roads, water supply, drainage and electricity). In most projects, the beneficiaries were left to construct and develop the actual houses using their own and the community\u2019s resources. Although many serviced-site projects have faced considerable opposition and failure, this concept received widespread support by the World Bank and was taken up by many countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. A key departure from earlier housing schemes was the recognition that low-income groups are able to build their own houses, as long as appropriate support is provided by government agencies. See, for example, World Bank, Sites and Services Projects<\/em>, Washington DC, 1974; World Bank, Shelter<\/em>, Washington DC, 1980.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14] John F.C. Turner and Robert Fichter (eds), Freedom to Build: Dweller Control of the Housing Process<\/em>, Collier Macmillan, New York, 1972.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15] John F.C. Turner, Housing by People<\/em>, Marion Boyars Publishers, 1976, p. 6.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16] Squatter Citizen<\/em>, p. 139.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17] For example, in the Kibera settlement in Nairobi, Kenya, an estimated 2,000 government organisations function alongside up to 15,000 community-based NGOs. See also David Satterthwaite, op cit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18] Diana Mitlin, \u2018Civil Society and Urban Poverty: Examing Complexity\u2019, Environment & Urbanisation<\/em>, 13:2, October 2001, p. 164.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19] David Satterthwaite, op cit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20] Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21] Environment & Urbanisation Brief 3, Rethinking Aid to Urban Poverty Reduction: Lessons to Donors<\/em>, International Institute for Environment and Development, April 2001.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22] Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23] Countries\/Kenya\/Activities, \u2018Kenya Slum Upgrading Project (KENSUP)\u2019, UN-HABITAT, www.unhabitat.org<\/a> (accessed June 2010)<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24] \u201830,000 Houses for Slum Dwellers on the Way\u2019, Daily Nation<\/em>, Nairobi, 28th October 2008.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25] Kibiwott Koross, \u2018Move to \u2018paradise\u2019 for Kibera slum dwellers put off again\u2019, Daily Nation<\/em>, Nairobi, 20th August 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26] Note that estimates for the population of Kibera vary widely from around 170,000 residents to 1 million. See Muchiri Karanja, \u2018Myth shattered: Kibera numbers fail to add up\u2019, Daily Nation<\/em>, 3rd September 2010; and Rasna Warah, \u2018How numbers game turned Kibera into \u2018the biggest slum in Africa\u2019\u2019, Daily Nation<\/em>, Kenya, 12th September 2010; see also Raakel Syrj\u00e4nen, UN-HABITAT and the Kenya Slum Upgrading Programme Strategy Document<\/em>, UN-HABITAT, May 2008.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27] \u2018Kenya begins huge slum clearance\u2019, BBC News<\/em>, 16th September 2009, www.bbc.co.uk<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28] Dan Okoth, New Dawn for Kibera but Poverty Persists, The Standard<\/em>, Nairobi, 16th September 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29] Rasna Warah, \u2018Slum tourism may become history in this country\u2019, Daily Nation<\/em>, Nairobi, 20th September 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30] Joy Wanja, \u2018Former Kibera Slum-Dwellers Find Life in New Houses Not As Blissful\u2019, Daily Nation<\/em>, Nairobi, 2nd October 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31] Mwangi Muirur, \u2018Slum Upgrading Initiative Hits Snag\u2019, The Standard<\/em>, Nairobi, 11th June 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32] Kibiwott Koross, \u2018Move to \u2018paradise\u2019 for Kibera slum dwellers put off again\u2019, Daily Nation<\/em>, Nairobi, 20th August 2009.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33] Jean-Christophe Servant, \u2018Africa: escaping the slums\u2019, Le Monde diplomatique<\/em>, April 2010. For further background, see Marie Huchzermeyer, Slum upgrading initiatives in Kenya within the basic services and wider housing market: A housing rights concern<\/em>, COHRE, 2006; COHRE, Listening to the Poor: Housing Rights in Nairobi<\/em> (Fact-find mission to Nairobi – Final Report), June 2006. See also the documentary Good Fortune<\/em> by Landon Van Soest, Transient Pictures, Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), May 2010.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34] Walden Bello, David Kinley, and Elaine Elinson, \u2018Development Debacle: The World Bank in the Philippinnes\u2019, in The Paradox of Plenty<\/em>, Douglas H. Boucher (ed.), Food First Books, 1994, pp. 221-225; see also David Korten, Getting to the 21st Century: Voluntary Action and the Global Agenda<\/em>, op cit.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35] see Erhard Berner, \u2018Learning from Informal Markets: Innovative Approaches to Land and Housing Provision\u2019, in David Westendorff and Deborah Eade (eds), Development and Cities<\/em>, UN Research Institute for Social Development, Kumarian Press, Oxford, 2002.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36] Gita Verman, Slumming India: A Chronicle of Slums and their Saviours<\/em>, Penguin, 2003, pp. 72-72.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37] For example, see Yash Tandon, Ending Aid Dependence<\/em>, Fahamu Books, 2008.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38] Phil Vernon, \u2018Is Overseas Development Aid Working?\u2019, International Alert, 18th September 2008, www.international-alert.org\u00a0<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\n

Link to full report [pdf]: The Seven Myths of ‘Slums’ – Challenging Popular Prejudices About the World’s Urban Poor<\/a><\/p>\n

Link to landing page to view other chapters<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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