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none;\">\u3057\u304b\u3057\u6025\u901f\u304b\u3064\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u306f\u3001\u7279\u306b\u95a2\u7a0e\u524a\u6e1b\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u306a\u6b73\u5165\u3092\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u524a\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u3001\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e2d\u6240\u5f97\u56fd\u306b\u6975\u5ea6\u306b\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u5f97\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u306e\u63d0\u5531\u8005\u304c\u53ce\u5165\u640d\u5931\u306f\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u3068\u8b70\u8ad6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3048\u3001\u30ea\u30b5\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u3053\u306e\u898b\u89e3\u3068\u306f\u76f8\u53cd\u3057\u3001\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u306e\u640d\u5931\u306f\u76f8\u5f53\u306a\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308a\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u304b\u3089\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u9065\u304b\u306b\u4e0a\u56de\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"#ftn2\">[2]<\/a> 1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u4ee5\u6765\u8ca7\u56f0\u56fd\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u5e02\u5834\u6539\u9769\u3068\u5408\u308f\u305b\u3066\u3001\u8cbf\u6613\u969c\u58c1\u306e\u7a81\u7136\u306e\u5f15\u304d\u4e0b\u3052\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5730\u5143\u7523\u696d\u3092\u7834\u58ca\u3057\u5f97\u308b\u3069\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u653f\u7b56\u306b\u3082\u9069\u7528\u3067\u304d\u308b\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u306a\u96c7\u7528\u640d\u5931\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u958b\u767a\u30cb\u30fc\u30ba\u3078\u306e\u9069\u5207\u306a\u653f\u7b56\u3092\u6c7a\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u5236\u9650\u3057\u5f97\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"#ftn3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u6b73\u5165\u62e1\u5927<\/h4>\n<p>\u95a2\u7a0e\u304c\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u306e\u6b73\u5165\u306e1\uff05\u672a\u6e80\u3092\u5360\u3081\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u591a\u304f\u306e\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306f\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e88\u7b97\u3078\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u8abf\u9054\u3092\u52a9\u3051\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5927\u304d\u304f\u4f9d\u5b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u306a\u305c\u306a\u3089\u3001\u95a2\u7a0e\u5fb4\u53ce\u304c\u6700\u3082\u7c21\u5358\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4ed6\u306e\u79df\u7a0e\u5f62\u614b\u307b\u3069\u65bd\u3059\u306e\u306b\u7d4c\u8cbb\u304c\u304b\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3067\u3059\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u90e8\u9580\u304a\u3088\u3073\u3088\u308a\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u7ba1\u7406\u80fd\u529b\u3092\u3082\u3064\u56fd\u3005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u7279\u306b\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30d0\u30f3\u30b0\u30e9\u30c7\u30b7\u30e5\u3001\u30ca\u30df\u30d3\u30a2\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30bb\u30cd\u30ac\u30eb\u306a\u3069\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u56fd\u306f\u3001\u5168\u56fd\u5bb6\u4e88\u7b97\u306e\u7d043\u5206\u306e1\u306e\u8cc7\u91d1\u3092\u95a2\u7a0e\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u8abf\u9054\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"#ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u30dc\u30c4\u30ef\u30ca\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u95a2\u7a0e\u3078\u306e\u4f9d\u5b58\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u6700\u9ad8\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u306b\u3042\u308b\u56fd\u3005\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e1\u30ab\u56fd\u3067\u3059\u304c\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306e\u6700\u3082\u8fc5\u901f\u306b\u62e1\u5927\u3059\u308b\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u3082\u3064\u56fd\u3005\u306e1\u30ab\u56fd\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<a href=\"#ftn5\">[5]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u3067\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u653f\u7b56\u304c\u4ea4\u6e09\u3055\u308c\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u3068\u540c\u6642\u306b\u3001\u95a2\u7a0e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u53ce\u5165\u306f\u304a\u3088\u305d\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u56fd\u3067\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u30021995\u5e74\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6b73\u5165\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u95a2\u7a0e\u53ce\u5165\u306f\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e2d\u6240\u5f97\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u306617\uff05\u3092\u5e73\u5747\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"#ftn6\">[6]<\/a> 2009\u5e74\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u306e\u6b73\u5165\u306f\u5e73\u57477\uff05\u307e\u3067\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<a href=\"#ftn7\">[7]<\/a> 1996\u5e74\u304b\u30892007\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u306e\u9593\u3001\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u8af8\u56fd\u3060\u3051\u3067GDP\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u306e\u8ca2\u732e\u306f3\u5206\u306e1\u6e1b\u5c11\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f [\u53c2\u8003\u56f31]\u3002<a href=\"#ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u3055\u3089\u306b\u8ca7\u3057\u3044\u56fd\u3005\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u8cbf\u6613\u3078\u306e\u8ab2\u7a0e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u53ce\u5165\u306e\u640d\u5931\u306f\u6975\u7aef\u3067\u3059\uff1b\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u30b6\u30f3\u30d3\u30a2\u3067\u306f1995\u5e74\u306b\u95a2\u7a0e\u53ce\u5165\u306f\u6b73\u5165\u306e36\uff05\u3092\u5360\u3081\u307e\u3057\u305f\u304c\u30012009\u5e74\u306b\u306f8\uff05\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30c1\u30e5\u30cb\u30b8\u30a2\u3067\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5272\u5408\u306f1995\u5e74\u306e\u6b73\u5165\u306e28\uff05\u304b\u30892009\u5e74\u306e6\uff05\u3078\u3068\u4f4e\u4e0b\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f [\u30c6\u30fc\u30d6\u30eb\uff19]\u3002<a href=\"#ftn9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u8f38\u5165\u969c\u58c1\u304a\u3088\u3073\u30b5\u30a6\u30b9\u3067\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u306e\u64a4\u5ec3\u3092\u6b63\u5f53\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u56fd\u969b\u901a\u8ca8\u57fa\u91d1\uff08IMF\uff09\u306f\u3001\u95a2\u7a0e\u53ce\u5165\u306e\u640d\u5931\u306f\u3001\u4ed8\u52a0\u4fa1\u5024\u7a0e\uff08VAT\uff09\u306a\u3069\u8cfc\u5165\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u4ed6\u306e\u56fd\u5185\u7a0e\u306e\u5c0e\u5165\u307e\u305f\u306f\u5897\u5927\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u57cb\u3081\u5408\u308f\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u7406\u5c48\u4ed8\u3051\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u56fd\u304c1980\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\u982d\u4ee5\u6765\u524a\u6e1b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u7a0e\u304b\u3089\u640d\u5931\u3057\u305f\u3046\u3061\u5358\u306b\u7d0430\uff05\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u623b\u3059\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306e\u307f\u3060\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001IMF\u306e\u7dcf\u5408\u7814\u7a76\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u8a3c\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn10\">10<\/a>] \u95a2\u7a0e\u3068\u6bd4\u8f03\u3059\u308b\u3068VAT\u306f\u5927\u304d\u306a\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u90e8\u9580\u3092\u3082\u3064\u56fd\u3005\u3067\u306e\u6b73\u5165\u62e1\u5927\u306b\u7279\u306b\u7121\u76ca\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5fb4\u53ce\u306f\u591a\u304f\u306e\u3088\u308a\u8ca7\u3057\u3044\u56fd\u3005\u304c\u8cc4\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u6d17\u7df4\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65bd\u884c\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5fc5\u9700\u54c1\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u9069\u5207\u306a\u7a0e\u984d\u63a7\u9664\u306a\u304f\u3057\u3066VAT\u3082\u307e\u305f\u3001\u504f\u3063\u3066\u4f4e\u6240\u5f97\u8005\u306b\u6253\u6483\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u5f8c\u9000\u7684\u8ab2\u7a0e\u5f62\u614b\u3068\u306a\u308a\u5f97\u307e\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn11\">11<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u3053\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306b\u305f\u304f\u3055\u3093\u57f7\u7b46\u3055\u308c\u305f\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u3078\u306e\u6709\u5bb3\u306a\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a[\u30dc\u30c3\u30af\u30b9\u53c2\u7167]\u3001\u591a\u56fd\u9593\u304a\u3088\u3073\uff12\u30ab\u56fd\u9593\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u5354\u5b9a\u306f\u3001\u95a2\u7a0e\u304b\u3089\u306e\u53ce\u5165\u3078\u306e\u53b3\u3057\u3044\u5236\u7d04\u3092\u5f37\u5236\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4e16\u754c\u8cbf\u6613\u6a5f\u95a2\uff08WTO\uff09\u306e\u30c9\u30fc\u30cf\u30fb\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u65ad\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u591a\u56fd\u9593\u4ea4\u6e09\u306f\u3001\u975e\u8fb2\u7523\u54c1\u3078\u306e\u5931\u308f\u308c\u305f\u95a2\u7a0e\u53ce\u5165\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3082\u6700\u7d42\u7684\u306b634\u5104\u30c9\u30eb\u306e\u640d\u5931\u3092\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u3078\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u5f97\u307e\u3059 &#8211; \u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u969b\u8cbf\u6613\u306e\u91cf\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u8fd1\u5e74\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u62e1\u5927\u3057\u305f\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u91d1\u984d\u3067\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn12\">12<\/a>] \u3053\u306e\u91d1\u984d\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3057\u30c9\u30fc\u30cf\u30fb\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u4ea4\u6e09\u304c\u6210\u529f\u3057\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3001\u8cbf\u6613\u306e\u5897\u5927\u304b\u3089\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u304c\u5f97\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u4e16\u754c\u9280\u884c\u304c\u4e88\u6e2c\u3057\u305f\u5229\u76ca\u3088\u308a4\u500d\u9ad8\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn13\">13<\/a>] \u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u8b70\u8ad6\u306e\u7d76\u3048\u306a\u3044\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u5354\u5b9a\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u81ea\u56fd\u306e\u751f\u7523\u54c1\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u65b0\u5e02\u5834\u3092\u6c42\u3081\u308b\u653f\u5e9c\u306e\u9593\u3067\u4ea4\u6e09\u3055\u308c\u7d9a\u3051\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001 \u6b27\u5dde\u9023\u5408\uff08EU\uff09\u3068\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d3\u30a2\u30f3\u304a\u3088\u3073\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\uff08ACP\uff09\u7d4c\u6e08\u306e\u9593\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u9023\u643a\u5354\u5b9a\uff08EPA\uff09\u306f\u3001\u6b86\u3069\u306eEU\u306e\u751f\u7523\u54c1\u306e\u8f38\u5165\u3078\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u306e\u64a4\u5ec3\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001 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href=\"#ftn14\">14<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u8cbf\u6613\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u306e\u3088\u308a\u5e45\u5e83\u3044\u5f71\u97ff<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: 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href=\"#ftn17\">17<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u304c\u9577\u671f\u9593\u6075\u307e\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u540c\u3058\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u304c\u697d\u3057\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u5354\u5b9a\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u63f4\u52a9\u306e\u898b\u8fd4\u308a\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u3001\u95a2\u7a0e\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u5148\u9032\u56fd\u307e\u305f\u306f\u591a\u56fd\u9593\u6a5f\u95a2\u304b\u3089\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u5727\u529b\u3092\u304b\u3051\u3089\u308c\u306a\u3044\u653f\u7b56\u7a7a\u9593\u3092\u5f7c\u3089\u306f\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u306d\u3070\u306a\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002WTO\u4ea4\u6e09\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u7279\u5225\u304b\u3064\u7570\u306a\u308b\u5f85\u9047\u300d\u306e\u539f\u5247\u306b\u5f93\u3063\u3066[\u4e0b\u8a18\u53c2\u7167]\u3001\u4e3b\u6a29\u56fd\u306f\u7d4c\u6e08\u958b\u767a\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u56fd\u5185\u6226\u7565\u306b\u6cbf\u3063\u3066\u95a2\u7a0e\u3092\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u6a29\u5229\u3092\u4fdd\u3064\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"blockquote\">\u3069\u308c\u3060\u3051\u306e\u6b73\u5165\u304c\u52d5\u54e1\u3055\u308c\u5f97\u308b\u304b<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u304c\u3001\u3082\u3057\u81ea\u56fd\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u30ec\u30d9\u30eb\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3057\u958b\u767a\u76ee\u7684\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u56fd\u5bb6\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u898f\u5236\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8a31\u3055\u308c\u305f\u306a\u3089\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u3067\u304d\u308b\u76f8\u5f53\u306e\u5229\u76ca\u3092\u3001\u6b21\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u3082\u3057\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u304c\u30c9\u30fc\u30cf\u30fb\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u8cbf\u6613\u4f1a\u8b70\u5185\u3067\u306e\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u3092\u524a\u6e1b\u3059\u308b\u7fa9\u52d9\u3092\u6301\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u306a\u3089\u3001\u6b73\u5165\u304b\u3089\uff16\uff13\uff14\u5104\u30c9\u30eb\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3092\u73fe\u5728\u8abf\u9054\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn18\">18<\/a>]\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u4ea4\u6e09\u4e2d\u306e2\u30ab\u56fd\u9593\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5730\u57df\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u7d4c\u6e08\u9023\u643a\u5354\u5b9a\uff08EPA\uff09\u306e\u6539\u9769\u3060\u3051\u3067\u3082\u6bce\u5e74\u63a8\u5b9a26\u5104\u30c9\u30eb\u3092\u30b5\u30d6\u30b5\u30cf\u30e9\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u8af8\u56fd\u306b\u4fdd\u8a3c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn19\">19<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"blockquote\">\u8cbf\u6613\u6b63\u7fa9\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6226\u3044<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u4f01\u696d\u8d14\u5c53\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u30b4\u30ed\u30d0\u30ea\u30bc\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u7834\u58ca\u7684\u306a\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u30ce\u30fc\u30b9\u306e\u653f\u5e9c\u306fWTO\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5317\u7c73\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u5354\u5b9a\uff08NAFTA\uff09\u3001\u74b0\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u30d1\u30fc\u30c8\u30ca\u30fc\u30b7\u30c3\u30d7\u5354\u5b9a\uff08TPP\uff09\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u8cbf\u6613\u3001\u6210\u9577\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4e16\u754c\u60c5\u52e2\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u6b27\u5dde\u9023\u5408\u306e\u6700\u8fd1\u306e\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u8cbf\u6613\u6226\u7565\u3092\u306a\u3069\u306e2\u30ab\u56fd\u9593\u5354\u5b9a\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u3092\u62bc\u3057\u7d9a\u3051\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u898f\u5236\u7de9\u548c\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3001\u95a2\u7a0e\u53ce\u5165\u306f\u3053\u306e\u5148\u4f55\u5e74\u304b\u4e0b\u304c\u308a\u7d9a\u3051\u308b\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">2001\u5e74\u306b\u30c9\u30fc\u30cf\u958b\u767a\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u30c9\uff08\u307e\u305f\u306f\u30c9\u30fc\u30cf\u30fb\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u30c9\uff09\u304c\u958b\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u4ee5\u6765\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8cbf\u6613\u3078\u306e\u8ca7\u56f0\u56fd\u306e\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u53c2\u52a0\u3092\u5f37\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u63a8\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u305fWTO\u4ea4\u6e09\u306f\u5931\u6557\u3092\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u3044\u307e\u3060\u78ba\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u884c\u304d\u8a70\u307e\u308a\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b\u306f\u3001\u8c4a\u304b\u306a\u5148\u9032\u56fd\u3092\u652f\u6301\u3057\u3066\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u306b\u4e0d\u5747\u7b49\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u6975\u7aef\u306a\u8981\u6c42\u3092\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306b\u62bc\u3057\u4ed8\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u95a2\u7a0e\u524a\u6e1b\u3092\u5de1\u308b\u30c7\u30a3\u30d9\u30fc\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5de5\u696d\u88fd\u54c1\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u4ea4\u6e09\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7279\u306b\u305d\u3046\u8a00\u3048\u307e\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn20\">20<\/a>] \u6b86\u3069\u306e\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u304c\u975e\u5e38\u306b\u9ad8\u3044\u5de5\u696d\u88fd\u54c1\u95a2\u7a0e\u3092\u3082\u3064\u305f\u3081\u5f7c\u3089\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u306f\u5148\u9032\u56fd\u306e\u305d\u308c\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u5927\u5e45\u306b\u524a\u6e1b\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u5148\u9032\u56fd\u306e\u7d0425\uff05\u524a\u6e1b\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u3067\u306f\u6700\u9ad870\uff05\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6975\u7aef\u306b\u8457\u3057\u3044\u524a\u6e1b\u3068\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn21\">21<\/a>] 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href=\"#ftn23\">23<\/a>] \u305d\u306e11\u5e74\u76ee\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u30c9\u30fc\u30cf\u30fb\u30e9\u30a6\u30f3\u30c9\u306e\u52a0\u76df\u56fd\u306e\u9593\u306b\u306f\u71b1\u5fc3\u306a\u652f\u6301\u8005\u306f\u6b86\u3069\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u8b70\u984c\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3080\u305f\u3081\u306b\u30c9\u30fc\u30cf\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u89e3\u6563\u3092\u4e00\u90e8\u306e\u52a0\u76df\u56fd\u306f\u63d0\u5531\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn24\">24<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">\u56fd\u969b\u8cbf\u6613\u306e\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u306b\u95a2\u4fc2\u306a\u304f\u30012\u30ab\u56fd\u9593\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5730\u57df\u8cbf\u6613\u53d6\u5f15\u306f\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u306b\u3001WTO\u4ea4\u6e09\u3088\u308a\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u95a2\u7a0e\u524a\u6e1b\u3092\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070<em>\u5f8c\u767a\u958b\u767a\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\uff08LDC\uff09<\/em>\u306f\u3001\u8fb2\u696d\u3001\u30b5\u30fc\u30d3\u30b9\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5de5\u696d\u88fd\u54c1\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308bWTO\u4ea4\u6e09\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u524a\u6e1b\u306e\u591a\u304f\u304b\u3089\u9664\u5916\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057EU\u3068\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u3001\u30ab\u30ea\u30d3\u30a2\u30f3\u304a\u3088\u3073\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\uff08ACP\uff09\u8af8\u56fd\u306e\u9593\u306e<em>\u7d4c\u6e08\u9023\u643a\u5354\u5b9a\uff08EPA\uff09<\/em>\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u95a2\u7a0e\u306e80\uff05\u30920\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092EU\u306fACP\u8af8\u56fd\u306b\u8981\u6c42\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn25\">25<\/a>] \u591a\u56fd\u9593\u4ea4\u6e09\u6210\u529f\u3078\u306e\u9650\u3089\u308c\u305f\u5e0c\u671b\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u3001\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u304a\u3088\u3073\u4ed6\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u306e\u56fd\u3005\u3068\u306e\u300c\u591a\u56fd\u9593\u300d\u8cbf\u6613\u3092\u8003\u616e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u6700\u3082\u8cc7\u6e90\u3092\u3082\u3064\u56fd\u3005\u304c\u81ea\u56fd\u306e\u512a\u5148\u4e8b\u9805\u3092\u8ffd\u6c42\u3059\u308b\u304b\u305f\u308f\u3089\u3001\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306e\u554f\u984c\u304c\u898b\u6368\u3066\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u30ea\u30b9\u30af\u3092\u3082\u305f\u3089\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u30b0\u30ed\u30d0\u30ea\u30bc\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306e\u518d\u8003<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: 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href=\"#ftn26\">26<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: 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href=\"#ftn29\">29<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: 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href=\"#ftn30\">30<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n<h4>\u52dd\u5229\u8005\u3068\u6557\u5317\u8005<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: 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none;\">\u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u306e\u7b2c\u4e00\u306e\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u306f\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u8cbf\u6613\u306e70\uff05\u3092\u652f\u914d\u3059\u308b\u7d04500\u306e\u5927\u304d\u306a\u591a\u56fd\u7c4d\u4f01\u696d\uff08MNC\uff09\u306e\u91cd\u5f79\u304a\u3088\u3073\u682a\u4e3b\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30c8\u30c3\u30d7200\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u5408\u8a08\u58f2\u4e0a\u9ad8\u306f\u30011983\u5e74\u304b\u30891999\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u306e\u9593\u306e\u5168\u4f53\u7684\u7d4c\u6e08\u6d3b\u52d5\u3088\u308a\u6025\u901f\u306b\u6210\u9577\u3057\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u306eGDP\u306e\u304a\u3088\u305d30\uff05\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u4f01\u696d\u306f\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u52b4\u50cd\u529b\u306e1\uff05\u306e4\u5206\u306e1\u3092\u96c7\u7528\u3059\u308b\u306b\u904e\u304e\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3002[<a href=\"#ftn34\">34<\/a>] \u81ea\u7531\u8cbf\u6613\u306e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u306e\u53d7\u76ca\u8005\u306f\u3001\u56fd\u5185\u4f01\u696d\u306e\u8cbf\u6613\u6d3b\u52d5\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u7d4c\u6e08\u6210\u9577\u3092\u7d4c\u9a13\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9ad8\u6240\u5f97\u56fd\u653f\u5e9c\u3067\u3059 &#8211; \u591a\u6570\u6d3e\u306e\u5c0f\u898f\u6a21\u30fb\u4e2d\u898f\u6a21\u8fb2\u5bb6\u304a\u3088\u3073\u751f\u7523\u8005\u3068\u306f\u5bfe\u7167\u7684\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u307e\u305f\u3082\u5727\u5012\u7684\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306aMNC\u3084\u30a2\u30b0\u30ea\u30d3\u30b8\u30cd\u30b9\u4f01\u696d\u306a\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-kerning: none;\">WTO\u3001\u4e16\u754c\u9280\u884c\u304a\u3088\u3073IMF\u306e\u6226\u7565\u3092\u7279\u5fb4\u3065\u3051\u308b\u7d4c\u6e08\u30fb\u793e\u4f1a\u653f\u7b56\u3078\u306e\u5b8c\u5168\u306b\u5e02\u5834\u4e3b\u5c0e\u578b\u307e\u305f\u306f\u300c\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u300d\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306f\u660e\u3089\u304b\u306b\u6a5f\u80fd\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u6a5f\u95a2\u306f\u6839\u672c\u7684\u6539\u9769\u3092\u9577\u671f\u9593\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u3068\u8ca7\u56f0\u56fd\u306e\u80fd\u529b\u304a\u3088\u3073\u5bcc\u306e\u83ab\u5927\u306a\u683c\u5dee\u3092\u6301\u3064\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7d4c\u6e08\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3088\u308a\u52b9\u679c\u7684\u304b\u3064\u5305\u62ec\u7684\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u30fb\u30ac\u30d0\u30ca\u30f3\u30b9\u69cb\u9020\u304c\u78ba\u7acb\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u53ef\u6b20\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30ad\u30e3\u30f3\u30da\u30fc\u30ca\u30fc\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3057\u3070\u3057\u3070\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u8cbf\u6613\u81ea\u4f53\u304c\u76ee\u6a19\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3088\u308a\u5e45\u5e83\u3044\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u3001\u74b0\u5883\u7684\u304a\u3088\u3073\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u958b\u767a\u76ee\u6a19\u3092\u9054\u6210\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u9069\u5207\u306a\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u305d\u308c\u3092\u56fa\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002WTO\u3001\u306a\u3089\u3073\u306b\u5730\u57df\u7684\u304a\u3088\u30732\u30ab\u56fd\u9593\u8cbf\u6613\u4f53\u5236\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u308b\u305d\u308c\u306b\u95a2\u9023\u3057\u305f\u7121\u6570\u306e\u653f\u7b56\u3060\u3051\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u65b0\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u7fa9\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u8cbf\u6613\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u306e\u6839\u672c\u7684\u518d\u8003\u3092\u3082\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p class=\"blockquote\"><span style=\"color: #00a6d6; line-height: 1.4em; font-size: 1.4em;\">\u3055\u3089\u306b\u77e5\u308a\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u3088\u3046<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Alliance for Responsible Trade: A coalition of US organisations campaigning for a different trade policy that serves first and foremost to promote equitable and sustainable development for all people. &lt;www.art-us.org<a href=\"http:\/\/www.art-us.org&gt;\">&gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=MywOAoRdJP4C&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Alternatives to Economic Globalization<\/a>: Edited by John Cavanagh and Jerry Mander, this book is a bold answer to critics who assert that the anti-corporate globalization movement does not have alternative proposals. Published by Berrett-Koehler, 2004.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bilaterals.org\/spip.php?rubrique51\">Bilaterals.org<\/a>: a collective effort to share information and stimulate cooperation against bilateral trade and investment agreements that are opening countries to the deepest forms of penetration by transnational corporations. &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bilaterals.org\/\">www.bilaterals.org<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<p>Center of Concern: A faith-based organization providing information and analysis on economic justice issues. See the Rethinking Bretton Woods (RBW) section. &lt;www.coc.org\/rbw&gt;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.focusweb.org\/\">Focus on the Global South<\/a>: An Asian NGO combining policy research, advocacy, activism and grassroots capacity building in order to generate critical analysis and encourage debates on national and international policies related to corporate-led globalisation, neo-liberalism and militarisation. &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/focusweb.org\/\">www.focusweb.org<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=X5N7JMS1wNYC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=gbs_ge_summary_r&amp;cad=0#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Kicking Away The Ladder<\/a>: A now-classic book by Ha-Joon Chang that explains how industrialised nations are preventing developing countries from adopting the same protectionist trade policies that they themselves used to become rich. Published by Anthem Press, 2003.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jtlYyuJjACw\">The Luckiest Nut in the World<\/a>: A short film by Emily James that follows an animated American peanut who sings about the difficulties of trade liberalisation in developing countries. &lt;www.mediathatmattersfest.org\/films\/the_luckiest_nut_in_the_world&gt;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/owinfs.org\">Our World Is Not for Sale<\/a>: A network of organizations, activists and social movements worldwide fighting the current model of corporate globalization embodied in the global trading system. &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/owinfs.org\">www.owinfs.org<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com\/bitstream\/handle\/10546\/114595\/bp101-signing-away-future-200307-en.pdf;jsessionid=5E654B16BC7D81DDD756D6217F6E782B?sequence=1\">Signing Away the Future<\/a>: An Oxfam paper from March 2007 that explains how the new free trade agreements being signed up between rich and poor countries are proving far more damaging to the poor than anything envisaged within WTO talks. &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/oxfamilibrary.openrepository.com\/bitstream\/handle\/10546\/114595\/bp101-signing-away-future-200307-en.pdf;jsessionid=5E654B16BC7D81DDD756D6217F6E782B?sequence=1\">www.oxfam.org\/en\/policy<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.tradejusticemovement.org.uk\/\">Trade Justice Movement<\/a>: A coalition of organisations based mainly in the UK that together call for trade justice &#8211; not free trade &#8211; with the rules weighted to benefit poor people and the environment. &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/tradejusticemovement.org.uk\/\">www.tradejusticemovement.org.uk<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.citizen.org\/publications\/publicationredirect.cfm?ID=7304\">Whose Trade Organisation &#8211; A Comprehensive Guide to the WTO<\/a>: An expose by Lori Wallach and Patrick Woodall that reveals which WTO terms have led to U.S. job losses, the race to the bottom in wages, unsafe food, attacks on environmental and health laws, and burgeoning international inequality. Published by The New Press, New York, 2004, Distributed by Norton.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.4em;\">Notes:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn1\">[1]\u00a0Note: Import tariffs are the primary but not the only way in which countries either liberalise trade or protect their economies. Non-tariff barriers to trade can include import and export licenses, quotas, subsidies, embargoes and other forms of regulation that serve to raise the price of traded products. A strict definition of free trade would mean the complete elimination of tariffs and other barriers to trade.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn2\">[2]\u00a0Timothy A. Wise and Kevin P. Gallagher,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ris.org.in\/sites\/default\/files\/Publication\/pb22.pdf\">Doha Round and Developing Countries: Will the Doha deal do more harm than good?<\/a>, RIS Policy Briefs No. 22, April 2006; Aldo Caliari, \u2018The fiscal impact of trade liberalisation&#8217;, in Matti Kohonen and Francine Mestrum (eds), Tax Justice: Putting Global Inequality on the Agenda, Pluto Press, 2009, p. 134.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn3\">[3]\u00a0For example, see: John McGhie et al,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www-staging.christianaid.ie\/sites\/default\/files\/2017-08\/the-damage%20done-may-2005.pdf\">The damage done: Aid, death and dogma<\/a>, Christian Aid, May 2005; Justin Macmullan and Andrew Pendleton,\u00a0Taking liberties Poor people, free trade and trade justice, Christian Aid, 2004.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn4\">[4]\u00a0Data from World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006, Washington D.C., 2006, Table 4.12. See Jens Martens,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.taxjustice.net\/cms\/upload\/pdf\/martens_precarious_finance__2007.pdf\">The Precarious State of Public Finance Tax evasion, capital flight and the misuse of public money in developing countries &#8211; and what can be done about it<\/a>, Global Policy Forum, 2007, table 8, p. 22.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn5\">[5]\u00a0OECD and African Development Bank,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/dsd\/resources\/res_publsdt_aeo2010.shtml\">African Economic Outlook 2010, Special theme: Public Resource Mobilisation and Aid<\/a>, 2010, p. 93.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn6\">[6]\u00a0Figures drawn from World Bank, World Development Indicators, Washington D. C., 2005, table 4.13. See Jens Martens,\u00a0The Precarious State of Public Finance, op cit, p. 21.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn7\">[7]\u00a0World Bank Group,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/openknowledge.worldbank.org\/entities\/publication\/ddea327c-ca1e-5188-a18a-156ab6eaeb80\">World Development Indicators 2011<\/a>, Washington: 2011, see table 4.14 on p. 248.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn8\">[8]\u00a0African Economic Outlook 2010, op cit, p. 93.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn9\">[9]\u00a0World Development Indicators 2011, op cit, see table 4.14 on pp. 246-248.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn10\">[10]\u00a0T. Baunsgaard and M. Keen,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.imf.org\/EXTERNAL\/PUBS\/FT\/WP\/2005\/WP05112.PDF\">Tax Revenue and (or?) Trade Liberalisation<\/a>, IMF Working Paper WP\/05\/112, June 2005.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn11\">[11]\u00a0Christian Aid et al,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.christianaid.org.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-09\/tax-justice-advocacy-toolkit-jan-2011.pdf\">Tax Justice Advocacy Toolkit: A Toolkit for Civil Society<\/a>, January 2011, p. 4.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn12\">[12]\u00a0Note that this figure relates to NAMA (Non-Agricultural Market Access), the industrial goods agreement being negotiated in the WTO Doha Round. See: Kevin P. Gallagher,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.yalejournal.org\/all-print-issues\/volume-13-issue-1-spring-2018-ww6ee-pppts-jd84p-rwrag-gacej-rs72h-cp8ge-5z9lh-ky2er-ywx6n-yrrk2\">Putting Development back in the Doha Round<\/a>, Yale Journal, Spring\/Summer 2007, p. 117.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn13\">[13]\u00a0Kym Anderson and Will Martin,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.hubrural.org\/pdf\/wb_wps3607.pdf\">Agricultural trade reform and the Doha development agenda<\/a>, World Bank, 2005, table 12. Quoted in Christian Aid and SOMO, Tax Justice Advocacy, op cit.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn14\">[14]\u00a0Note: The study estimated financial gains for sub-Saharan countries to $782.2m and revenue losses as $3385.2m. Net gains are therefore calculated as $2603m. See: South Centre,\u00a0Economic Partnership Agreements in Africa: A Benefit-Cost Analysis, Analytical Note SC\/TDP\/AN\/EPA\/29, November 2011, p.12.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn15\">[15]\u00a0Christian Aid,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/sarpn.org\/documents\/d0001330\/P1573-ChristainAid_June2005.pdf\">The economics of failure: The real cost of \u2018free&#8217; trade for poor countries<\/a>, June 2005, p. 2.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn16\">[16]\u00a0Ibid, p. 1.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn17\">[17]\u00a0Ha-Joon Chang, Kicking Away the Ladder: Infant Industry Promotion in Historical Perspective, Oxford Development Studies 31:1, 2003.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn18\">[18]\u00a0See reference 13.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn19\">[19]\u00a0See reference 14.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn20\">[20]\u00a0World Trade Organization, Market Access: Negotiations,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/markacc_e\/nama_negotiations_e.htm\">A simple guide &#8211; NAMA Negotiations<\/a>, Accessed 28th November 2011, &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wto.org\/index.htm\">www.wto.org<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn21\">[21]\u00a0Martin Khor, \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/twn.my\/title2\/gtrends\/gtrends339.htm\">Crunch time arrives for WTO talks<\/a>&#8216;, Global Trends Series by Executive Director, 25th Apr 2011.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn22\">[22]\u00a0Martin Khor, \u2018Little progress in WTO&#8217;s Doha talks&#8217;, Global Trends Series by Executive Director, South Centre, 28th Feb 2011.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn23\">[23]\u00a0International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/ictsd.org\/i\/news\/bridgesweekly\/125553\/\">2012 Should Not be a &#8220;Wasted Year,&#8221; Lamy Urges WTO Members<\/a>&#8216;, Bridges Weekly Trade News Digest, Vol 16, No. 6., 15th February 2012.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn24\">[24]\u00a0Chakravarthi Raghavan, \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.twn.my\/title2\/wto.info\/2012\/twninfo120207.htm\">From bicycle to snowball approach to policy<\/a>&#8216;, SUNS #7300, Third World Network, 2nd February 2012.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn25\">[25]\u00a0Martin Khor, \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.southcentre.org\/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=1309%3Aneed-for-africa-to-re-think-the-epas-in-light-of-the-economic-crisis&amp;catid=144%3Asouth-bulletin-individual-articles&amp;Itemid=287&amp;lang=en\">Need for Africa to Re-think the EPAs in Light of the Economic Crisis<\/a>&#8216;, Presentation at the African Union conference of Trade Ministers, Addis Ababa, 20th March 2009.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn26\">[26]\u00a0For example, see: World Development Movement,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.tradejusticemovement.org.uk\/documents\/Missing_presumed_dead_06.06.pdf\">Missing presumed dead: Whatever happened to the Development Round?<\/a>, June 2006.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn27\">[27]\u00a0Paige McClanahan, \u2018<a href=\"http:\/\/www.guardian.co.uk\/global-development\/2012\/jul\/06\/wto-rules-least-developed-countries\">New WTO rules ease entry for least developed countries<\/a>&#8216;, The Guardian, 6th July 2012.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn28\">[28]\u00a0Jayati Ghosh, \u2018<a href=\"https:\/\/www.macroscan.org\/cur\/nov05\/cur171105Export_Obsession.htm\">The Export Obsession<\/a>&#8216;, Macro Scan, Economic Research Foundation, 17th November 2005,\u00a0 &lt;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.macroscan.org\/cur\/nov05\/cur171105Export_Obsession.htm\">www.macroscan.org<\/a>&gt;<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn29\">[29]\u00a0David Morris, \u2018Free Trade: The Great Destroyer&#8217;, in Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith (eds), The Case Against the Global Economy, 1996, chapter 19.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn30\">[30]\u00a0Robin Broad and John Cavanagh, Development Redefined: How the Market Met its Match, Paradigm Publishers, 2009.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn31\">[31]\u00a0Social Watch,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.socialwatch.org\/node\/13749\">Basic Capabilities Index 2011. Economic growth does not ensure human well-being<\/a>, Press Release, October 2011, &lt;<a href=\"http:\/\/www.socialwatch.org&gt;\">www.socialwatch.org&gt;<\/a><\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn32\">[32]\u00a0Lori Wallach and Patrick Woodall, Whose Trade Organisation: A Comprehensive Guide to the WTO, The New Press, 2004, p. 174.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn33\">[33]\u00a0Mark Weisbrot, Robert Naiman and Joyce Kim,\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.cepr.net\/index.php\/reports\/the-emperor-has-no-growth-declining-econ-growth-rates-in-the-era-of-globalization\/\">The Emperor Has No Growth: Declining Economic Growth Rates in the Era of Globalization<\/a>, Centre for Economic and Policy Research, November 2000.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ftn34\">[34]\u00a0John Cavanagh and Jerry Mander (eds), Alternatives to Economic Globalization, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2004, p. 44.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><em>Image credit: <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/7886564@N07\/465224330\/sizes\/c\/\">All rights reserved by andyaitchisonimages<\/a>, flickr creative commons<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u300c\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u306a\u5206\u304b\u3061\u5408\u3044\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u306b\u51fa\u8cc7\u3059\u308b\u300d\u306e\u3053\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u8cbf\u6613\u898f\u5247\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u767a\u5c55\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u3068\u4e16\u754c\u6a5f\u95a2\u3092\u6b62\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u306e\u5287\u7684\u306a\u5909\u9769\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u8b70\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":21621,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"slim_seo":{"title":"\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u306a\u5206\u304b\u3061\u5408\u3044\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u306b\u51fa\u8cc7\u3059\u308b\u3001\u30d1\u30fc\u30c83(10)\uff1a\u4fdd\u8b77\u95a2\u7a0e - Share the Worlds Resources","description":"\u5831\u544a\u66f8\u300c\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u306a\u5206\u304b\u3061\u5408\u3044\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u306b\u51fa\u8cc7\u3059\u308b\u300d\u306e\u3053\u306e\u30bb\u30af\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u306f\u3001\u4e0d\u516c\u5e73\u306a\u8cbf\u6613\u898f\u5247\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u767a\u5c55\u9014\u4e0a\u56fd\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u3092\u81ea\u7531\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u5bcc\u88d5\u56fd\u3068\u4e16\u754c\u6a5f\u95a2\u3092\u6b62\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30d1\u30e9\u30c0\u30a4\u30e0\u306e\u5287\u7684\u306a\u5909\u9769\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ad6\u8b70\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002"}},"add-to-page-listing":[],"alternative-language":[],"hide-post":[],"topic":[35,36],"coauthors":[43],"class_list":["post-5534","report","type-report","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","topic-international-trade-ja","topic-new-economic-paradigms-ja"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/report\/5534","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/report"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/report"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21621"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5534"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"add-to-page-listing","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/add-to-page-listing?post=5534"},{"taxonomy":"alternative-language","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/alternative-language?post=5534"},{"taxonomy":"hide-post","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/hide-post?post=5534"},{"taxonomy":"topic","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/topic?post=5534"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/sharing.org\/ja\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=5534"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}